What’s the name given to the process of sleeping through the winter in the animal kingdom? Why do some animals do that? How do they manage to survive? Do they wake up to eat and drink?
Talk to others about this and look for the answers to these questions if necessary.
Do you think that humans and snakes hibernate?
La mayoría de los cuentos de esta colección son adaptaciones de obras de Edith Nesbit procedentes de The Book of Dragons, Nine Unlikely Tales y Five Children and It. Sin embargo, este relato no pertenece a ninguna de esas colecciones. Eso y el cambio de ilustrador (Rafael de Penagos) hacen este cuento único en la colección. El cuento tiene muchas semejanzas con otros cuentos de la tradición oral, con elementos como el número tres o el juramento, y se aleja de los cuentos de autor, con un estilo más particular. Sin embargo, comparte con varios de los cuentos de Nesbit un personaje importante. ¡A ver si lo encuentras!
Fotografía de Rafael de Penagos, aparecida en la revista Por esos mundos, n.8, 2015, Madrid. (Archivo BNE)./p>
The English version of this book is a translation from Plaga de Dragones, a story collection which was published by Saturnino Calleja in 1923. This translation was undertaken collaboratively as part of a crowd translation project which took place at the Spanish distance learning university UNED in 2016, involving translation teachers and students. During the translation process, we tried to reach a balance between being faithful to the Spanish text and bringing it into the 21st century for the enjoyment and learning of modern readers. We feel that the stories are still relevant to you these days and trust that you will find the cultural contrast interesting.
The text has been enriched with a number of annotations including audio, term explanations, and various proposals for activities, which are mainly aimed at young non-native English speakers.
A diferencia del resto de cuentos de esta colección (todos ellos ilustrados por Federico Rivas), el de "La roca de las serpientes" fue ilustrado por Rafael de Penagos, uno de los ilustradores más importantes de la Edad de Plata de la Literatura Española. Fue colaborador, entre otras publicaciones, de Blanco y Negro y creador en España de algunos de los iconos de los años 20. Se hizo famosa, por ejemplo, “la mujer Penagos”, una mujer valiente y moderna que aparecía en muchos de sus carteles e ilustraciones.
A contagious illness that causes red spots on the skin and high temperature. Children have it more frequently than adults unless they are vaccinated.
Example: Tommy didn’t go to school when he had measles.
The seed of certain plants which are eaten as a vegetable in stews, soups, salads, or as a side dish.
Example: The smell of the bean stew was delicious.
A person who provides care for somebody else’s children as a paid service.
Example: The nanny told the children a story at bedtime.
According to the Christian tradition, the Three Wise Men, Kings or Magi were distinguished foreigners who visited Jesus after his birth, guided by a star, bearing gifts. They are common figures in Christmas nativity sets, next to the Holy Family and the shepherds.
Example: The names of the Three Wise Men were Melchior, Gaspar and Balthassar.
A chest or piece of furniture for writing with drawers (boxes that slide in and out and are used to hold things). It can have a top that locks with a key and opens upwards.
Example: The old wooden bureau contained old secret documents.
A group of sheep, goats, or birds.
Example: Shepherds take care of their flock.
Why do you think that Rosie and Fabian’s mother doesn’t let them open the two drawers? Try and guess the reason!
We are sure that you know what a bureau is and what it is for. Can you name up to five things that you would typically find in the drawers of a bureau and five things that you would never ever find there?
The snake has been used as a symbol throughout history. For example, snakes create waves while moving and for this reason they have been a symbolic representation of energy in many cultures.
There are different kinds of snakes and each of them is symbolically used depending on where they live. For example, in India, snakes are related to the waters of the sea and are guardians of the springs of life. In Egypt, they are related to the dangers of the desert and symbolize the forces of destruction.
We are sure that you know what a bureau is and what it is for. Can you name up to five things that you would typically find in the drawers of a bureau and five things that you would never ever find there?
We are sure that you know what a bureau is and what it is for. Can you name up to five things that you would typically find in the drawers of a bureau and five things that you would never ever find there?
Is the word "sheep" here singular or plural? Can you think of any other similar words?
Do they have anything in common?
Shepherds use herding dogs to help them with their work. Dogs help shepherds to control the flock, find lost animals and keep predators away.
Do you know the names of dog breeds that can be good shepherds?
Listen to this recording of another story and answer the questions below:
Which story does this fragment belong to? Do you know what's happening in the story you just listened to?
Now that yoy have read the whole story of the Shepherd and the snakes, read this brief comic strip of "Little Nemo" by Winsor McCay (1869-1934)
Do you think there are similarities between the stories? Working with a partner, write down as much coincidences as you find.
What do you think the shepherd thought and did when he saw his dog again? What do you think the dog did?
Collect and share information about snakes. First, try to make an effort and focus on what you already know. Try to remember what they eat, how they reproduce, etc. Then, you can look for more data in your Natural Science' books or the Internet if you need to.
Afterwards, try to organize the information you have found out about their life (what they eat, how they reproduce, etc.) and summarize it in a paragraph or in a few PowerPoint slides.
Listen again to the words of the wizard:
Do you think he is angry?
What expressions would you use in a similar situation in order not to sound so aggressive?
This old snake seems to be the king of the other snakes. Many kings in fantastic stories must have done great achievements to be worthy of their position. Can you imagine what this old snake has done to deserve the throne?
Write the story of the old snake's past. Include the place and circumstances of its birth, which obstacles and enemies it encountered and defeated, and its path to the throne.
Let's be careful with our prejudices. The snake in your story does not have to be wicked if you don't want to!
Parece que las serpientes tenían algún truco para entrar a la cueva, ¿recuerdas algún otro cuento en el que un grupo de personas entre en un lugar escondido gracias a una contraseña? ¿Conoces la historia de Alí Babá y los cuarenta ladrones?
Ilustración de Albert Robida (1848–1926).
La alondra es un pájaro de color castaño que construye sus nidos en los campos, se alimenta de insectos (por lo que es bueno para las cosechas) y canta mientras vuela. Además, alcanza una gran altura en sus vuelos. Desde la Antigüedad ha sido un símbolo de felicidad y buenos augurios para muchas culturas.
Los abedules son árboles que se encuentran en Europa, América y Asia, sobretodo en climas fríos. Viven más de cien años, son muy altos y su tronco, con corteza blanquecina, es muy fácil de identificar. Para un gran número de culturas, desde Siberia hasta La India, este árbol se considera un ahuyentador de las influencias malignas y de las desgracias. En Italia y en España se plantaban abedules en la entrada de los establos para ahuyentar a los demonios y fantasmas. También se utilizaban sus ramas o sus hojas como amuleto en las cunas de los niños. En la antigua Roma el abedul era un símbolo de autoridad y poder.
Ilustración botánica del abedul o betula pendula, Alemania, 1885.
En la frase “la llamó y la dijo” hay algo que no es correcto gramaticalmente. En muchas regiones españolas, como en la zona centro y en el norte se utiliza, aunque no se considera una forma culta de hablar. ¿Cuál sería la forma correcta?
En la frase: «Di un regalo a Juan» (“un regalo” es el objeto directo de la frase y “a Juan” el objeto indirecto). Los pronombres “lo”, “la”, “los”, “las” se utilizan para el objeto directo, y “le”, “les” para el indirecto. El laísmo es un tipo de error en el uso del español en el que se utilizan los pronombres personales de objeto directo femenino "la" y "las" como objeto indirecto cuando la palabra a la que se refieren es femenina, en lugar de las formas "le" y "les", que serían las correctas.
¿Te has dado cuenta de cuántas veces aparece el número tres en los cuentos? Tres hermanos o hermanas, tres veces... ¡No es casualidad! Los números tienen significados y simbologías, especialmente los números tres y siete, que tanto aparecen en los cuentos. El tres suele significar aprendizaje, porque se tarda tres intentos en aprender las cosas (ya sabes, "a la tercera va la vencida"), por eso siempre son los hermanos pequeños los que resuelven las situaciones.
Además, en los cuentos tradicionales, muchas veces aparecen los juramentos que los protagonistas hacen de manera inconsciente pero que, luego, tienen graves repercusiones. ¿Te acuerdas de algún otro cuento donde haya un juramento? ¿Te acuerdas de "El enano saltarín (Rumpelstiltskin)" en el que la hija del molinero promete al enano que le dará su primer hijo? También hay otros, como "La doncella manca", ¿por qué no lo buscas y lo lees si no lo conoces ya?
Ilustración del siglo XIX por Philipp Grot Johann (Wikimedia commons, “The Girl Without Hands”).
Un reflector es un aparato que dirige la luz de un foco en determinada dirección. Los ojos del dragón parecían proyectar un haz de luz que llegaba lejísimos.
La grafía «obscuridad» se utilizaba antiguamente para escribir «oscuridad». Otras palabras, como «substancia» se simplifican hoy día también, siendo más común verlo como «sustancia», ya que suele pronunciarse así.
En más de una historia aparece una cueva en la que el personaje entra y, al salir, el tiempo ha pasado muy rápido o el espacio ha cambiado. ¿Recuerdas alguna? ¿Sabías que en El Quijote la cueva de Montesinos tiene poderes semejantes?
¿Por qué no te inventas la historia de otra cueva en la que ocurran cosas maravillosas con el espacio y el tiempo?
Miguel de Cervantes (1879) Antonio de Bofarull y Brocá, ed. El ingenioso hidalgo D. Quijote de la Mancha, Barcelona: Juan Aleu y Fugarull, editor-impresor. (Wikimedia Commons).
Este es el personaje que también aparece en otras historias de esta colección, como “Plaga de dragones”, “El grumete y la isla encantada” o “La compostura del dragón”, aunque, a diferencia de este, en otros cuentos nos parece hasta simpático. Puedes descargarte el dibujo de Penagos aquí para colorearlo.
En el cuento, el Concejo decide colocar altas columnas «con liga» para controlar la plaga de dragones. Este método se refiere a la caza con liga que, antiguamente, consistía en extender una masa pegajosa de distintos materiales (cardo, frutos de muérdago…) sobre la rama de un árbol para capturar al pájaro que se posara sobre ella. En la actualidad, es un método de caza prohibido por las leyes.
Para controlar la plaga de dragones, el Ayuntamiento quería ofrecer una princesa como recompensa a aquellos que se enfrentaran a las criaturas. ¿Qué piensas sobre eso? Seguro que, a estas alturas, te has percatado de que, en muchísimos cuentos, hay dragones y princesas. ¿Cómo son esas princesas? Compáralas con la protagonista de este cuento y discute con tus compañeros las diferencias. Podéis fijaros, por ejemplo, en historias como la de La Bella Durmiente o como la de Shrek.
Dibujo de la bella durmiente y el príncipe en el cuento de los hermanos Grimm, 1812.
¿Alguna vez habías escuchado que los magos tienen tres ojos en la cara? ¿Algún otro mago que conozcas tiene tres ojos? ¿Merlín? ¿Harry Potter? ¿Cómo te imaginas a este mago tan terrible? ¿Por qué no lo dibujas?
El guardapolvo es una prenda que se coloca sobre la ropa para protegerla de la suciedad. Una bata de científico, por ejemplo, podría considerarse un guardapolvo. También lo son algunas piezas de los uniformes escolares, como los babis, que suelen utilizarse en preescolar.
¿Qué piensa en secreto Enrique de su hermana y qué le dice en voz alta? ¿Por qué crees que no es sincero?¿Alguna vez Eufemia le dice a Enrique algo parecido?
Esta frase nos dio otra pista para situar el origen de los cuentos en Inglaterra, pues en España no es habitual que en una ciudad haya muchas iglesias de San Jorge. En Madrid, solo hay una en la calle de Núñez de Balboa, que además es anglicana, mientras que en Londres encontrar la iglesia donde estuviera el santo era un verdadero dilema, ¡pues hay quince! (Hay que apuntar que San Jorge es un santo especialmente admirado en Inglaterra, siendo el patrono de la monarquía inglesa desde el siglo XIV).
Aquí, San Jorge se refiere a una expresión o frase que refleja su pensamiento, sus ideales personales. Para él, un hombre solo puede acabar con un dragón, no con varios. Así, su lema sirve como disculpa, ya que es incapaz de acabar con todos los dragones sin ayuda de nadie más.
La espita es un dispositivo que, como un grifo, permite regular la salida de líquidos de un recipiente. Antiguamente, se utilizaba en los barriles de madera o en las vasijas de barro, por ejemplo. En el cuarto de baño «mágico» del cuento su apertura o cierre regula el clima del país de los niños protagonistas. Nos parece interesante que en el cuento aparezca una especie de cuarto de baño en una cueva. Los cuartos de baño tal y como los conocemos ahora eran una gran novedad cuando Edith Nesbit compuso esta historia en 1899. El primer váter moderno lo inventó Thomas William Twyford, un fabricante de cerámica, en 1885. Durante esa época se perfeccionó el sistema de tuberías y alcantarillado de las ciudades y las casas empezaron a tener una habitación especialmente dedicada al aseo.
¡Imagínate lo alto que ha subido el pastor! ¿Por qué cree que va a morir de asfixia?
Finalmente, aparece Dios para salvar al pastor, ¿qué te parece este final? ¿Es el que esperabas? En realidad, lo de hacer aparecer a un Dios (u otro elemento externo a la trama y, generalmente, mágico) para que, de pronto, resuelva la situación, aunque no tenga mucho que ver con el resto de la historia, es un recurso que ya usaban los griegos en sus tragedias y que se llama "Deus ex machina". Sin embargo, no es una forma de resolver la trama muy recomendable, pues no guarda coherencia con el resto del argumento. ¿Se te ocurre una forma mejor de acabar este cuento? Escríbela.
Al final, todo había sido un sueño. ¿Conoces otras historias en las que todo se resuelva al despertar y no haya ocurrido de verdad? ¿Has leído Alicia en el país de las maravillas?
Ilustración de sir John Tenniel (1820-1914), para la novela original de Alicia en el País de las Maravillas (1865), de Lewis Carroll.
Los pueblos y ciudades no solo son gobernados por un alcalde o alcaldesa, sino que, en el Ayuntamiento, también trabajan otras personas, que son las que forman el Concejo. A estos empleados se les conoce como «concejales», y se especializan en diversas áreas de gobierno, por lo que existen concejales de cultura, de educación, de sanidad, de medio ambiente y muchos más.
¿Te parece justo para Eufemia y Enrique el final del cuento? Piensa sobre por qué los adultos no agradecen a los niños su hazaña e imagina un final diferente para el cuento. Puedes poner por escrito ese final aquí.
¿Cómo eran los juguetes de tus padres y abuelos? Pregúntales si tuvieron algunos de estos.
Something that is made, sent out, or published.
Example: The man sold all his old issues of comics from when he was a child.
This is such a tough decision for the shepherd! Help him by writing down in one column reasons for obeying the wizard and, in another column, reasons for keeping the oath he swore to the snake.
Have a debate with your group, consider the others' opinions and try to make a final decision together. It might be necessary to vote at the end.
Imagine you and your partners are members of the city Council during the plague of dragons in the story. Each one of you must choose a role from the following list and start a discussion:
Rosie and Fabian use a six-sided puzzle to make a castle. Each side contains a beautiful picture. Go to the webpage of a famous museum and select six paintings that you like, each one corresponding to the following famous painters:
A weapon that consists of a knife attached to the front end of a rifle.
Example: Bayonets were used in close fighting long ago.
A heavy sword with one sharp curved edge.
Example: My grandfather has a sabre on the wall from the Mexican war.
Shepherds entertain themselves in many different ways. What do you think the shepherd in the story is doing in the picture below? Do you know who painted it?
A pointed metal bar for stirring up a fire.
Example: Our father used the fire poker when the grill was about to extinguish.
A plank; a flat, cut piece of wood.
Example: The child fixed small wheels to the board and then jumped on it.
Alquicel: Es una palabra que viene del árabe y se refiere a un tipo de vestidura a modo de capa, que normalmente era blanca y de lana.
Si quieres conocer qué otras palabras son de origen árabe, utiliza el diccionario e investiga: ¿Son de origen árabe estas palabras: “alcohol”, “almohada”, “aleta”, “alcázar”, “alcaldía”, “alhelí” y “altura”?
A grey metal which is very heavy.
Example: That shield is made of lead to protect the doctor against radiation.
The gathering of ripe crops or plants grown on a farm.
Example: Summer is the time of year when the farmers harvest their wheat.
A story from the Bible which narrates how a woman called Rebecca was chosen to be Isaac’s wife by his father’s servant because she was by a particular well and said and did what he was expecting, which he interpreted to be a sign of God.
Two Spanish captains who raised against French Napoleonic occupation and rule, and fought in a famous and decisive battle which took place in Madrid on May 2nd 1808.
Using the memory.
Example: The child learnt the song by heart for the festival.
A famous Spanish legal dictionary written by lawyer Marcelo Martínez Alcubilla in the 19th century.
A long narrative poem by 14th century Italian author Dante Alighieri. It is considered to be one of the greatest works of world literature.
Shepherds used to spend long hours alone in the middle of the countryside, so they knew many activities to enjoy their spare time, such as playing musical instruments or telling stories to other shepherds.
Nowadays, technology can help shepherds to avoid boredom. Write a list of five activities shepherds weren't able to do one century ago but they can do now.
As you can imagine, this is not the best way to address someone you love. If you were the shepherd, what would you say to your wife to confort her?
Write it down and share it with your partners. Comment on the potential effect of what you all have written.
This word is the female form of "shepherd". As you can see, it is the same word but with the sufix "-ess". You can find other examples of this use in words like "countess" and "heiress".
Also, there are other more common ways to refer to professionals who are women. For example, what do you call a woman who is a doctor?
Los escritores utilizan muchos trucos para hacer sus historias interesantes. En este caso, la autora hace que los juguetes y los espacios de juego que construyen los niños cobren vida y se hagan reales dentro de la historia. ¿Conoces otros cuentos en los que ocurra hacen algo parecido?
Aquí tienes un ejemplo muy famoso:
To use up the entire amount of something.
Example: It was such a hot day that we ran out of drinks.
Manuel Rivadeneyra (1805-1872) fue un editor e impresor español que desde 1846 trató de reunir las obras clásicas de la literatura española en una colección que se llamó la Biblioteca de Autores Españoles.
Otro truco para hacer una buena historia es jugar con los narradores y el origen del cuento. Nuestro narrador ha escuchado la historia que acabamos de leer de uno de los personajes del cuento. ¿No es un poco raro? ¿Te fiarías tú de lo que cuente un ratón mecánico?
Inventa una historia con un narrador poco fiable ¡pero divertido!
The wizard is described as a fierce man, but in the book's illustration you can see that he doesn't seem to be too fierce. How do you imagine a man "terrible as a wild beast" and with "three eyes"?
Draw your own version of the fierce wizard of the story. You can add other elements like warts or long hair. Just follow the information in the story and your own imagination!
Make a list of places related to the different types of weather mentioned in this paragraph. For example, you can relate Egypt with the sun and England with the rain. Think of other examples from other continents too.
Before entering the cave, the shepherd wasn't alone. Do you remember who was with him?
What a messy situation! It looks like a bloody battle is about to start in the middle of Rosie and Fabian’s library! Luckily, the monkey and the mouse are sensible and have an idea to put a stop to all this nonsense.
How would the monkey or the mouse persuade them not to fight? Elaborate a small speech of reconciliation as one of them. First, write it down and then rehearse it orally.
All throughout this story there are two scenarios: a real one in Rosie and Fabian’s library and an imaginary one in a medieval city which is about to become a battlefield… which is inside the library! Where are the children right now: still in the battlefield or back in the library?
A long, loose, outer garment without sleeves that is used as a coat, to protect the wearer from the cold.
Example: The wizard had a purple cloak with stars on it.
North African Muslims.
Example: In the Middle Ages the Moors introduced many new scientific techniques to Spain and the rest of Europe.
A plank with wheels underneath. It can be a skateboard, which is a flat, short, narrow board that has four wheels on the bottom and is used for practising a sport.
Example: It is more fun to stand on your skateboard than to sit on it.
A famous Spanish editor who lived in the 19th century, who published many Spanish works and collections with high quality.
Many stories have doors that will be opened only after performing a spell o a specific task. Can you remember any other stories with a magical door?
Why are "Him" and "He" written with a capital letter? Who does it refer to?
What do you think has happened here? How can the shepherd have slept for several months?
This is the end of the story. Rosie and Fabian are sick in bed. In their feverish sleep, they have a nightmare about being judged in court for having been disobedient and reckless. Distribute the roles at court among the members of your group:
Try to follow the main norms in a real court situation (respect to the magistrates’ indications, turn taking, etc.) and come out with a sentence.
Don’t forget to finish the role play by waking Rosie and Fabian up at the end!
A person who takes care of small domestic animals like sheep, goats, or geese.
Example: After the winter, the shepherd and his dog took the sheep out to the field.
A group of sheep, goats, or birds.
Example: Shepherds take care of their flock.
To look for a long time at something with interest.
Example: The little girl sat by the window and gazed at the rainbow.
The tops of the mountains.
Example: The mountain climbers finally reached the highest peak.
To see something happen.
Example: The man told the judge everything that he had witnessed.
One single piece of grass.
Example: There was a drop of water hanging from a blade of grass.
Close by, very close.
Example: I live nearby; it's only 2 minutes walking from here.
A door used to enter into a room or building, or some other place.
Example: The police blocked the entrance so no one could go in.
A long, loose garment or piece of clothing.
Example: The little girl was wearing a brown cloak with its hood up to keep warm.
To complain by making sounds with the mouth.
Example: She always grumbles when she has to stand in a queue for too long.
A promise to God or somebody greatly respected.
Example: The soldier took an oath of loyal service to his country.
An expression to warn somebody that something bad will happen if they do (or don't do) something.
Example: ‘Woe unto the ones who do evil!’, shouted the good fairy as she shook her wand.
Confused.
Example: The audience was impressed and puzzled by the magic trick.
To shake uncontrollably, typically of fear or cold.
Example: I trembled after the cold shower.
A sort of a tent used as temporary or seasonal shelter.
Example: Peter hid the money in an old hut behind the big trees.
Being late.
Example: Our flight to New York had a delay of two hours because of technical problems.
To separate parts using some force.
Example: I didn’t have scissors, so I had to tear the sheet of paper.
Small, thin pieces that have been torn or cut from something.
Example: She didn't like her composition so she tore it to shreds and started again.
A land covered with grass.
Example: Jane was amazed by the beautiful wildflowers in the meadow.
A person who is often tired or absent-minded.
Example: Wake up, sleepyhead! It’s almost 11 am!
To participate in a conversation or debate.
Example: Tommy intervened just on time to prevent a fight between the two brothers.
To force somebody to tell the truth.
Example: The mother managed to get the truth out of her child about the broken vase.
Prize or benefit.
Example: Barbara was rewarded generously for returning the lost wallet to its owner.
A magician, a person who practices magic.
Example: Merlin, the wizard, was king Arthur's advisor and tutor.
To invent or imagine.
Example: The nurse made up a nice story to entertain the sick child.
Hurting somebody in return for something wrong they did to you.
Example: The boy took revenge by glueing the last pages of his sister’s favourite novel.
Unfriendly or aggressive.
Example: The headmistress’ fierce look scared Billy, so he decided to tell the truth.
A magician, a person who practices magic.
Example: Merlin, the wizard, was king Arthur's advisor and tutor.
A vision or feeling of something that is going to happen in the future.
Example: I had a premonition of the end of the world. Luckily I was wrong.
With a huge appetite.
Example: The voracious bear ate lots of salmon.
Break, cut.
Example: He snapped off a piece of wood and added it to the fire.
A leather or plastic band that goes around the neck of an animal, often a dog.
Example: I always put a collar on my dog when I go for a walk in case it gets lost.
To kill somebody by squeezing or pressing on their neck with your hands.
Example: Some snakes kill by strangling their prey.
To become less bright.
Example: The colours of the old photo faded with time.
A strong light that is used to find people or cars at night.
Example: Searchlights were invented at the end of the 19th century by A. Mangin of the French army.
Jump up and down.
Example: The ball bounced several times before disappearing behind the bushes.
To hold tightly.
Example: The baby monkey clinged to its mother’s neck.
Unsuccessful.
Example: Charles was so sad that all my efforts to cheer him up were futile.
Intense requests.
Example: Jeremy made a plea for mercy in front of the school master in order not to be punished.
To be certain that something will not work.
Example: The boy scout didn’t make a good plan, so it was doomed to fail.
A kind of tree.
Example: Birch wood is great to build colourful crafts.
A bird’s mouth.
Example: The bird had a worm in its beak.
A type of bird famous for its beautiful song.
Example: He was happy as a lark with his new training shoes.
To recover consciousness by waking up.
Example: The lady fainted and then came round when her friend put strong perfume under her nose.
A pipe that usually carries liquids away.
Example: A summer storm filled the drains with rainwater.
Pick up.
Example: The box was very heavy and they could not lift it.
Top, cover.
Example: She filled the jar with honey and closed the lid.
A round opening, an empty space.
Example: There's a hole in my pocket, and all my money fell out.
A place (in the ground or in a church) where people are buried when they are dead.
An expression, not to interfere in someone else's matters.
Not to get involved in something that is not yours; to tell someone to respect our privacy.
Example: Keep your nose out of my diary! It's private.
To involve, to have to do with something or someone.
Example: What I write in my diary does not concern you!
Happy, content.
Example: He was pleased with his grades this term.
